
Venezuela and the petrodollar reveal how de-dollarization carries economic and political costs. This editorial examines oil pricing, dollar supremacy, sanctions, and coercive enforcement to explain why Venezuela emerged as a
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Venezuela and the petrodollar reveal how de-dollarization carries economic and political costs. This editorial examines oil pricing, dollar supremacy, sanctions, and coercive enforcement to explain why Venezuela emerged as a

Venezuela and U.S. regime change reflect a broader effort to defend dollar supremacy. This analysis explains how oil, the petrodollar system, de-dollarization, sanctions, and coercive intervention intersect, while drawing historical